The state-of art introduction in geophysical fluid dynamics by well known scientist. A lot of color illustrations, numerical and analytical excercizes.

The notion of an internal boundary layer (IBL) appeared in studies of local advection within the atmospheric boundary layer when air flows over a change in surface conditions.Показать полностьюThe notion of an internal boundary layer (IBL) appeared in studies of local advection within the atmospheric boundary layer when air flows over a change in surface conditions. These include surface roughness, thermal and moisture properties. An ability to predict the height of the IBL interface in the atmosphere under neutral stability, accompanied by certain assumptions on the form of the mean flow parameters, have been a means of obtaining information on the velocity profile after step changes in roughness for more than half a century. A compendium of IBL formulae is presented. The approach based on the ‘diffusion analogy’ of Miyake receives close attention. The empirical expression of Savelyev and Taylor (2001, Boundary Layer Meteorol. 101, 293–301) suggested that turbulent diffusion is not the only factor that influences IBL growth. An argument is offered that an additional element, mean vertical velocity or streamline displacement, should be taken into account. Vertical velocity is parameterized in terms of horizontal velocity differences employing continuity constraints and scaling. Published data are analyzed from a new point of view, which produces two new neutral stratification formulae. The first implies that the roughness lengths of adjacent surfaces are equally important and a combined length scale can be constructed. In addition new formulae to predict the height of the region of diabatic flow affected by a step change in surface conditions are obtained as an extension of the neutral flow case.

What is the most daring, amazing, and exciting journey we can make in a lifetime? What is the most interesting place to visit? We can travel to places as remote as possible, like explorers or cosmonauts, we can look into places as far as imaginable, like astronomers, we can visit the past, like historians or archaeologists, or we can delve as deeply as possible into the human soul, like artists or psychologists.Показать полностьюWhat is the most daring, amazing, and exciting journey we can make in a lifetime? What is the most interesting place to visit? We can travel to places as remote as possible, like explorers or cosmonauts, we can look into places as far as imaginable, like astronomers, we can visit the past, like historians or archaeologists, or we can delve as deeply as possible into the human soul, like artists or psychologists. All these voyages lead either to other places or to other times (or nowadays, to other servers on the internet). However, we can do better; the most daring trip is not the one leading to the most inaccessible place, but the trip leading to where there is no place at all. Such a journey implies leaving the prison of space and time and venturing beyond it, into a domain where there is no position, no present, no future, and no past, where we are free of all restrictions, but also of any security of thought. There, discoveries are still to be made and adventures to be fought. Almost nobody has ever been there; humanity took 2500 years to complete the trip, and has achieved it only recently. To venture into this part of nature, we need to be curious about the essence of travel itself, in particular about its most tiny details. The essence of any travel is motion. In principle, the quest to understand motion in all its details can be pursued behind a desk, with a book, some paper and a pen. But to make the adventure more apparent, this text tells the story of the quest as the ascent of a high mountain. Every step towards the top corresponds to a step towards higher precision in the description of motion. At the same time, each step will increase the pleasure and the delights encountered. At the top of the mountain we will arrive in the domain we were looking for, where #39;space#39; and #39;time#39; are words which have lost all content, and where the sight of the world’s beauty is overwhelming and unforgettable.

Magnetic activity in the sun and similar stars results in a wealth of phenomena — including starspots, nonradiatively heated outer atmospheres, activity cycles, deceleration of rotation rates, and even, in close binaries, stellar cannibalism.Показать полностьюMagnetic activity in the sun and similar stars results in a wealth of phenomena — including starspots, nonradiatively heated outer atmospheres, activity cycles, deceleration of rotation rates, and even, in close binaries, stellar cannibalism. This volume uniquely combines studies of the sun with those of other stars to provide a comprehensive picture of stellar magnetic activity. Coverage brings together recent results in solar and stellar studies to provide an illuminating, new view of the subject. Key topics include radiative transfer, convective simulations, dynamo theory, outer-atmospheric heating, stellar winds and angular momentum loss. Researchers are provided with a state-of-the-art review of this exciting field. Graduate students in astrophysics and plasma physics will find the volume an ideal introduction to the subject. The book will also interest researchers studying the connection of solar Sctivity with the Earth’s climate change, such as geologists, planetary scientists and atmospheric scientists.

The only single-source reference available on atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, and atmospheric models This fully revised and expanded version of John H.Показать полностьюThe only single-source reference available on atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, and atmospheric models This fully revised and expanded version of John H. Seinfeld’s successful Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution provides a rigorous, comprehensive treatment of the chemistry of the atmosphere. With new chapters on such important topics as cloud physics, nucleation, and wet deposition, this book offers a truly up-to-date examination of atmospheric chemistry today, including: *Chemistry of the stratosphere and troposphere *Formation, growth, dynamics, thermodynamics, and properties of aerosols *Meteorology of air pollution *Transport, diffusion, and removal of species in the atmosphere *Formation and chemistry of clouds *Interaction of atmospheric chemistry and climate *Radiative and climatic effects of gases and particles *Formulation of mathematical chemical/transport models of the atmosphere. Complete with solved examples, problems graded according to difficulty, and hundreds of illustrations, this state-of-the art reference is an ideal resource for both students and professionals in all areas of engineering as well as atmospheric science.

Feeling “alive” is commonly used to describe the state when you are energized, excited, full of life! And that’s exactly what these books inspire — a feeling of eagerness to explore and discover. Alive! Guides are a refreshing change from the "same-old" guidebooks.Показать полностьюFeeling “alive” is commonly used to describe the state when you are energized, excited, full of life! And that’s exactly what these books inspire — a feeling of eagerness to explore and discover. Alive! Guides are a refreshing change from the "same-old" guidebooks. They are written for the savvy traveler who is looking for quality and value in accommodations and dining, with a selection of activities to fill the days and nights. Each book’s introduction covers the basic travel information, including climate, when to go, what to pack, history, package tours, geography and — for overseas destinations — currency concerns and health issues. Daytime pursuits are detailed in the “Sunup to Sundown” section, which cover the best beaches, walking tours, driving excursions, nature trips and sightseeing. Shopping plays a big part, with tips on how to barter in island crafts markets and where to find the best deals. And if you're looking for some fun when the stars come out, turn to the “After Dark” section, where you'll find descriptions of the best discos, cigar bars, theaters, movies, nightclubs and happy hours!

This book is written for upper-division undergraduates and new graduate students in meteorology, ocean engineering, and oceanography. Because these students have a diverse background, I have emphasized ideas and concepts with a minimum of mathematical material.

A mixture of Africa and Britain, Barbados is both beautiful and prosperous. White sand beaches and splendid resorts line the Gold Coast. Turquoise waters lure divers and sailors. Everything is covered in this guide, from history and climate to hiking trails, music, food and funky beach.

This guide is immediate and thorough; it give a host of places and activities that could fulfill even the most bored tourist’s desires. The book is salted with the kind of personal experience that makes visiting these islands so special.Показать полностьюThis guide is immediate and thorough; it give a host of places and activities that could fulfill even the most bored tourist’s desires. The book is salted with the kind of personal experience that makes visiting these islands so special. They take us away from palm beaches, island vistas and rugged emerald mountains and put us in touch with the people who inhabit these beautiful places. From fishermen in Barrouallie to Rastas in the Port Elizabeth market and a botanist in St. George’s, we get a sense of the lives that entwine to make up the fabric of these islands. Also, each section begins with a history of the place at hand, so important to understanding the southern Windwards. The authors have produced a journeyman labor, a product of discernment and enterprise tempered with warmth and humor. Those of us who have seen the southern Windwards as a special place for so long have reason to be thankful and relieved. Paul Tyler, Caribbean Compass

Ключевые слова и фразы plankton, salinity, isobaric, water masses, internal waves, diatoms, Pacific Ocean, chlorinity, sea water, phytoplankton, Mediterranean Sea, oxygen, eddy viscosity, oceanographic, benthic, Gulf Stream, Antarctic Convergence, North Equatorial Current, Helland-Hansen, Norwegian Sea.

Paleomagnetic data are useful in many applications in Earth Science from determining paleocurrent directions to analyzing the long-term behavior of the geomagnetic field.Показать полностьюPaleomagnetic data are useful in many applications in Earth Science from determining paleocurrent directions to analyzing the long-term behavior of the geomagnetic field. In this book, an attempt has been made to draw together the various principles and practices within paleomagnetism in a consistent and up-to-date manner. It includes many practical examples that illustrate various applications of paleomagnetism. A companion software package implements the theory explained in the text. Audience: This volume is aimed at professional Earth Scientists using paleomagnetic data for their research. It is also suitable for use as a text book for students in courses with a paleomagnetic content. In addition, this volume will be of value to other professionals with an interest in the analysis of vector and tensor data in general.

This article addresses some mathematical aspects of the equations of geophysical fluid dynamics namely, existence, uniqueness, and regularity of solutions of the Primitive Equations (PEs) of the ocean, the atmosphere and the coupled atmosphere-ocean.Показать полностьюThis article addresses some mathematical aspects of the equations of geophysical fluid dynamics namely, existence, uniqueness, and regularity of solutions of the Primitive Equations (PEs) of the ocean, the atmosphere and the coupled atmosphere-ocean. The emphasis is on the case of the ocean which encompasses most of the mathematical difficulties. A guide and summary of results for the physics oriented reader is provided at the end of the Introduction (Section 1).

This book is not a review of the most current publications on atmospheric electricity but serves as overview of the basic problems still at large and the purpose is to try to inspire new fresh blood into the oldest field of electricity.Показать полностьюThis book is not a review of the most current publications on atmospheric electricity but serves as overview of the basic problems still at large and the purpose is to try to inspire new fresh blood into the oldest field of electricity. Two excellent textbooks are recommended for those interest in a detailed picture of the electrical structure of our atmosphere: H. Israel, Atmospheric Electricity Vol. 1, A970), and Vol.2 1973. J.A. Chalmers, Atmospheric Electricity, A957).

Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth’s surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.Показать полностьюRecent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth’s surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition. This book draws together key scientists who provide state of the art contributions on the variable ozone layer and the interplay of longwave and shortwave radiative interactions which link ozone, the climate and UV issues.

1st Edition. One of Frommer’s most seasoned travel writers takes on the fascinating world of India, a place of extraordinary natural beauty — pristine beaches under swaying palm trees, placid backwaters in lush surrounds, mountain peaks that stretch into the clouds — and a place of architectural wonders, cosmopolitan cities, world-class resorts and Ayurvedic spas, and glorious natural wildernesses where tigers stalk their prey.

Рассмотрены закономерности деформирования твердой среды при взрывных воздействиях. Приведены фильтрационные и гранулометрические характеристики разрушенной взрывом горной породы, а также новые данные о параметрах и характере протекания релаксационных процессов в геофизической среде, инициированных крупномасштабным взрывом.Охарактеризованы гидрогеологические эффекты подземного взрыва, гидродинамические особенности подземного выщелачивания металлов из отбитой рудной массы.

В работе рассмотрены особенности измерения расхода газонасыщенной нефти в зависимости от ее физических свойств. Показано влияние колебаний температуры и давления на величину расхода и описан способ компенсации погрешности его измерения, обусловленной этими величинами.Показать полностьюВ работе рассмотрены особенности измерения расхода газонасыщенной нефти в зависимости от ее физических свойств. Показано влияние колебаний температуры и давления на величину расхода и описан способ компенсации погрешности его измерения, обусловленной этими величинами. Рассмотрены влияние структуры газожидкостного потока на погрешность измерения и преобразование потока перед измерением расхода. Приведено описание расходомеров газонасыщенной нефти и измерительных установок, а также применение ЭВМ для обработки результатов измерения и их корректировки. Книга предназначена для инженерно-технических и научных работников, занимающихся автоматизацией и информационно-иамерительной техникой в нефтяной промышленности.

Впервые в нашей стране достаточно подробно и систематически излагается современное состояние озоновой проблемы, которую относят к глобальным проблемам человечества.Показать полностьюВпервые в нашей стране достаточно подробно и систематически излагается современное состояние озоновой проблемы, которую относят к глобальным проблемам человечества. Описано новое и еще не совсем понятное явление озонной «дыры» в стратосфере Антарктики весной, существенные уменьшения содержания озона весной 1983-87 гг. в средних широтах северного полушария и в Арктике. Объяснения возможных причин этих явлений основаны на излагаемых в книге основных факторах, формирующих озоносферу Земли, возможного влияния ее изменений на человека и биосферу. Освещены методы и основные результаты измерений содержания озона и озоноактивных примесей в разных частях атмосферы, даны оценки их ожидаемых изменений в будущем при различных сценариях развития антропогенного влияния на атмосферу. Для широкого круга специалистов наук о Земле, по охране окружающей среды, студентов и аспирантов соответствующих специальностей.

В монографии дан обзор знаний о стратосферном озоне, его образовании, разрушении и изменениях во времени и пространстве. Рассмотрены основные малые компоненты стратосферы естественного и антропогенного происхождения, их действие на стратосферный озон.Показать полностьюВ монографии дан обзор знаний о стратосферном озоне, его образовании, разрушении и изменениях во времени и пространстве. Рассмотрены основные малые компоненты стратосферы естественного и антропогенного происхождения, их действие на стратосферный озон. Проанализированы теории разрушения озона в результате хозяйственной деятельности (полеты стратосферной авиации, рост использования азотных удобрений, фреонов и других хлорорганических соединений), а также ядерных взрывов в атмосфере. Рассмотрены возможные последствия уменьшения общего содержания озона на биосферу и человека и международные действия, направленные на предотвращение разрушения стратосферного озона.

Книга содержит подробное изложение разработанной авторами теории образования и последующей эволюции нашей планетной системы. Эти вопросы представляют исключительный интерес как для развития наших знаний, так и для практики, поскольку они тесно связаны с историей Земли и пониманием ее внутреннего состояния.Показать полностьюКнига содержит подробное изложение разработанной авторами теории образования и последующей эволюции нашей планетной системы. Эти вопросы представляют исключительный интерес как для развития наших знаний, так и для практики, поскольку они тесно связаны с историей Земли и пониманием ее внутреннего состояния. Особое внимание уделено магнитогидродинамическим и другим эффектам в плазме, а также химическим реакциям и процессам конденсации.